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陶哲轩、邓煜等25位菲尔兹奖得主联合发出AI警告!
当地时间9月11日,陶哲轩、邓煜、彼得·舒尔茨(Peter Scholze)等25位菲尔兹奖得主作为最初签署人,联合发表声明《人工智能在数学中的严重错位》(A Severe Misalignment of AI in Mathematics),警告AI公司与数学共同体之间正在出现“严重错位”。
这份声明没有否认AI在数学上的进步,首先承认了一个正在发生的变化:过去几个月,大语言模型的数学能力出现显著提升,已经能够解决多个数学领域的重要未决问题。
但问题也由此出现。25位数学家认为,AI公司正在把解决数学问题作为衡量模型能力的基准,而数学共同体真正追求的,并不是尽可能快地得到一道题的答案。
“AI公司的目标与数学共同体的目标存在严重错位。”声明称,AI公司推动模型解决数学问题以作为能力基准的做法,可能损害数学研究以及数学共同体。
在这些数学家看来,一个著名数学问题之所以重要,并不只是因为最后能够得到“对”或者“错”的结论。
长期以来,重要的未解问题更像数学世界中的“地标”和“灯塔”。一个问题被解决,通常意味着研究者发现了新的洞见、方法或者概念。随后,这些成果还需要经过数学家之间的报告、讨论和不断简化,最终才可能变成研究生甚至本科生能够理解的教材内容。一些数学思想甚至要经过几十年乃至几百年,才会成为被更广泛使用的工具。
公开信强调,“解决问题只是实现概念理解和洞察这一首要目标的工具和代理指标”。
这也是25位数学家最担忧AI竞赛的地方。当AI公司不断以“解决了多少此前未解的问题”衡量模型进展时,原本用于衡量数学理解程度的指标,可能反过来成为被机器快速优化的目标。
声明警告,以越来越快的速度批量生产“真/假”结论,可能不是在孕育新的思想,反而可能摧毁孕育思想的沃土。
速度带来的另一个问题是,数学成果本身需要时间被理解。
声明称,一些AI产生的解答被匆忙宣布,没有留下足够时间完成规范的论文写作、提炼其中真正的新方法和新思想,以及引用其他研究者此前的相关工作。这也由此带来了严重的成果归属和抄袭问题。
即便AI能够产生正确而新颖的数学思想,25位数学家认为,人类数学家的工作也没有因此结束。如果没有数学家继续发展这些思想,并将其整合进数学知识体系,AI产生的思想也无法真正“活起来”,数学家之间至关重要的知识传承链条也可能随之丢失。
比“AI能不能做数学”更深一层的担忧,是数学家如何被培养出来。
公开信称,数学这个职业最宝贵的资源是学生和思想。数学家给学生布置问题,并不只是希望他们得到答案,更重要的目的之一,是让他们在解决问题的过程中发展研究所需要的能力。数学思想同样需要通过报告、私人讨论和严谨写作不断传播,并与此前的研究建立联系,而这些过程都需要时间和人与人之间的互动。
当AI能够越来越快地直接产出最终结果时,问题因此发生了变化:如果答案可以直接获得,人类是否还会经历那些形成理解、提出新问题和产生新思想所需要的训练过程?
25位数学家因此把这场争论进一步扩展到了数学之外。
“我们正在目睹一种对智力劳动的普遍威胁。”声明称,在许多领域,过去多年的专业训练不仅是为了生产最终答案或产品,也是为了发展理解能力,以及提出新问题和新思想的能力。但建立在人类此前积累的大量知识之上,AI系统正在越来越有能力直接产生这些工作的结果,由此造成了目标之间的错位。
不过,这份声明并没有主张拒绝AI。
25位数学家明确表示,AI具有加强和加速真正数学研究与理解的潜力,数学这一职业也需要适应由此带来的变化。真正尚未确定的是,这种变化最终会推动数学发展,还是产生破坏性影响,而结果在很大程度上取决于掌握这项技术的人如何作出选择。
这也让数学界正在讨论的问题,从“AI能否解决人类数学家解决不了的问题”,逐渐转向另一个更基础的问题:当机器越来越擅长给出答案,人类究竟希望从数学研究中得到什么?
25位菲尔兹奖得主在声明最后呼吁,数学共同体、开发AI技术的公司以及整个社会都需要尽快面对这一问题。声明还提醒,当AI改变工作的完成方式时,不能因此忘记这些工作最初究竟希望实现什么。
I am proud to be among the list of 25 initial signatories — all Fields Medallists — to the declaration below, which grew out of discussions between ourselves over the last week. We have also posted our declaration on this web page, and (similarly to the Leiden declaration) invite further signatures. (It is unfortunate that we did not have the time to have a more consultative process, as with Leiden; but we decided that the urgency of the situation was such that we needed to release a statement sooner rather than later.)
See also this recent article in the Economist regarding our declaration.
Over the last few months, the mathematical capabilities of LLMs have improved dramatically, to the point that they can solve major outstanding problems in many fields of mathematics. However, the push by AI companies to solve mathematical problems as a benchmark is detrimental to the science of mathematics, and to the mathematical community. The goals of the AI companies and the goals of the mathematical community are severely misaligned. We see these as part of broader alignment issues impacting other scientific and creative professions, as well as the whole of society.
Research mathematics deals with understanding basic structures of shapes, numbers, and natural phenomena. Over the course of generations, it has built a large corpus of sophisticated ideas, methods, abstractions, and other tools to comprehend the mathematical landscape. In turn, modern technologies and sciences are based on mathematical tools.
Famous problems have often served as landmarks and lighthouses against which one can measure an improved understanding of this landscape. Solving one of these problems has been a certain sign of new insights and interesting methods, which would then be studied by a community of mathematicians, through a long and arduous process of talks, discussions, simplifications. At the end of this process, one will ideally find a textbook presentation of the results suitable for any graduate or even undergraduate student to study. Some of the mathematical ideas pursue their journey even further to become, decades or centuries after, tools that are understood and used by the whole population.
The mathematical community functions, in many ways, as a miniature version of humanity. It consists of individuals using a wide variety of different approaches, joined by core values. The most precious resources of our profession are students and ideas, and these we nurture with great care. We feel responsible to let them grow to their full potential, until they can live a life of their own in the mathematical world. For students we often suggest problems with the core intention of developing skills making them well-positioned for advances in research and elsewhere. Our ideas we disseminate in talks, private discussions and careful writeups, connecting them to the previous ideas of others. These processes invariably take time and are based on human interaction.
In recent months, the success of AI in solving major mathematical problems has made headlines even outside mathematical circles. But solving problems is only a tool and proxy for achieving the primary goal of conceptual understanding and insight. Forgetting this in the world of AI may turn the tool against the primary goal. Indeed, the mass production at faster and faster pace of “true/false” statements could destroy fertile ground instead of breathing life into new ideas.
Often these solutions are announced in a rush, leaving no time for a proper writeup, the isolation of new methods and ideas, and citing relevant previous work of others. As in all creative professions, this raises severe attribution and plagiarism questions. Moreover, without the willing mathematicians who must take care of their development and integration into the mathematical canon, AI-conceived ideas would never become fully alive and the crucial human transmission chain between mathematicians would be lost.
We are witnessing a general threat to intellectual work, with misalignment between the outcome of the use of AI and its initial purpose. In many fields and activities, years of training have traditionally served not only to produce a final answer or product, but also to develop understanding and the ability to formulate new questions and ideas. However, building on a vast body of previous human work, AI systems are becoming increasingly capable of producing the results of such work directly, and these goals cease to align. The issues the mathematical community faces now are similar to issues that other scientific and creative professions are facing, and indicate issues that all of humanity might face: how to make sure that, as AI changes the way work is done, we do not lose sight of what that work was meant to achieve in the first place.
AI offers the potential of enhancing and accelerating genuine mathematical study and understanding. Mathematics as a profession will need to adapt to these changes in several ways. However, whether these changes ultimately benefit the field or have a destructive effect will in large part be determined by the decisions of the humans in control of this new technology.
These issues must be addressed urgently, in the mathematical community, by the companies developing these technologies and, more broadly, by a society that will confront similar problems in many other forms of intellectual work.
Artur Avila (Fields Medal 2014)
Manjul Bhargava (Fields Medal 2014)
Caucher Birkar (Fields Medal 2018)
Pierre Deligne (Fields Medal 1978)
Yu Deng (Fields Medal 2026)
Simon Donaldson (Fields Medal 1986)
Hugo Duminil-Copin (Fields Medal 2022)
Alessio Figalli (Fields Medal 2018)
Martin Hairer (Fields Medal 2014)
June Huh (Fields Medal 2022)
Maxim Kontsevich (Fields Medal 1998)
Elon Lindenstrauss (Fields Medal 2010)
Pierre-Louis Lions (Fields Medal 1994)
James Maynard (Fields Medal 2022)
Curt McMullen (Fields Medal 1998)
Shigefumi Mori (Fields Medal 1990)
Ngô Bảo Châu (Fields Medal 2010)
Andrei Okounkov (Fields Medal 2006)
Peter Scholze (Fields Medal 2018)
Stanislav Smirnov (Fields Medal 2010)
Terence Tao (Fields Medal 2006)
Maryna Viazovska (Fields Medal 2022)
Cédric Villani (Fields Medal 2010)
Wendelin Werner (Fields Medal 2006)
Efim Zelmanov (Fields Medal 1994)
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【Chanworld.org】2017.06.06-2021.04.30-2025.04.10-MG-RM
