禅世界论坛

<- 社交登陆。【论坛使用帮助】
山湖庄:硅谷银行(Silicon Va...
 
Notifications
Clear all

山湖庄:硅谷银行(Silicon Valley Bank)倒闭

1
1 Users
0 Likes
376 查看
Many
 Many
(@many)
Illustrious Member Admin Registered
已加入: 7 年 前
帖子: 11016
Topic starter  

山湖庄:硅谷银行(Silicon Valley Bank)倒闭

昨天即周五,加州一个叫  Silicon Valley Bank 的银行倒闭,被美国联邦储蓄保险公司(FDIC)接管。硅谷银行是全美第16大银行,拥有大约 $200bn的总资产。这是自2008年国际金融危机以来的最大的银行倒闭案。

银行的主要功能及风险在鄙文《2022年度诺贝尔经济学奖》讲过,在这里在简单复习一下,有助于我们理解硅谷银行的问题。

银行的主要功能是吸收存款,吸收的资金可以向企业或个人贷款,也可以用来购买其他金融资产,比如政府发行的长期国债。在银行的资产负债表上,存款是负债,放在右边。而贷款和持有的金融产品是资产,放在左边。两边的利息差额是银行的传统收入来源。

通常,存款的期限较短。例如,checking 及 savings 账户是所谓的活期存款,储户可以随时提取。即使是定期存款,期限也较短。而资产的期限则较长,譬如3年企业贷款,4年汽车贷款,30年房屋贷款,及长期政府债券等。

从这个角度看,银行实际上起到了 maturity transformation 的作用。银行在储户与贷款者之间搭起一座桥梁。这个作用非常重要,这也是银行不可或缺的主要原因。

但这样的 maturity transformation 也会带来问题。最严重的问题是即银行挤兑(bank runs)。或许是听到了什么谣言,或许是出于需要,储户争相去银行提款,生怕去晚了存款泡汤。于是银行门前排起了长队,可银行的钱大都借贷出去了,不可能马上收回来,而柜台里又没有那么多现金或储备来应付挤兑,结果导致银行倒闭。

FDIC是准政府机构,成立于1933年,其主要目的是提供储蓄保险。目前,储蓄保险的上限是25万美元。如果储蓄账户余额低于此上限,不用担心。但如果超出该上限,能拿回多少就不好说了。截至2021年底,美国银行业( FIDC保险的)储蓄总额为 18.4 万亿美元。

银行倒闭,不外乎两个原因。一个是资产负债表右边出了问题,即储户争相前来提款,造成挤兑,银行应接不暇,只好关门。另一个原因,则是左边出了问题,即贷款或持有的其他金融资产大幅缩水。

这次,Silicon Valley Bank 不幸两边都出了问题,遭受双重打击。

先说右边,即存款。截至2022年底,该银行共有$173.1 bn 存款,其中 87.5% 不受FDIC保险保护范围。该银行的主要客户是风险基金支持的小科技公司。这些公司前些年在几乎零利率的大环境下筹措的资金多的花不完,暂时存在硅谷银行。

现在情况不一样了。 不过,如果只有个别公司因资金压力而去银行取款,银行是能应付的。但问题是,资金压力不限于个别公司,其他公司也出现了类似问题。即使那些没有资金压力的公司储户,当它们听到风声后,也会急着去银行提款,于是造成挤兑。据报道,周四,储户提取了$42 billion,硅谷银行的现金只剩下区区 $1 bn.

同时,资产负债表的左边也出了问题。该银行持有的政府长期债券,由于最近美联储大幅升息,其市场价值跌落不少。为了应付挤兑,银行被迫低价大量出售这些金融资产。据报道,周三,该银行卖出了价值 $21 bn 的政府长期债券,损失了 $1.8 bn。

该银行还试图通过发行股票和债券来融资,但没能成功。

硅谷银行倒闭的主要问题是其储蓄来源比较集中,大都来自这些小科技公司。至于来自左边的问题,其他所有金融机构都没能幸免。由于长期债券的市场价值与利率成反比,美联储每次升息,长期债券的市价就会下跌。

但其他银行的储蓄来源充分分散,没有右边的问题。所以,这家硅谷银行倒闭,不至于导致系统风险。

当然,面临同样存款结构的银行,得小心啦。

教训:分散,分散,再分散。

The wise man saith, ‘Put all your eggs in the one basket and — WATCH THAT BASKET.’

— Mark Twain

2023年3月11日

附文:

FDIC Creates a Deposit Insurance National Bank of Santa Clara to Protect Insured Depositors of Silicon Valley Bank, Santa Clara, California

Friday, March 10, 2023

WASHINGTON – Silicon Valley Bank, Santa Clara, California, was closed today by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation, which appointed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) as receiver. To protect insured depositors, the FDIC created the Deposit Insurance National Bank of Santa Clara (DINB). At the time of closing, the FDIC as receiver immediately transferred to the DINB all insured deposits of Silicon Valley Bank.

All insured depositors will have full access to their insured deposits no later than Monday morning, March 13, 2023. The FDIC will pay uninsured depositors an advance dividend within the next week. Uninsured depositors will receive a receivership certificate for the remaining amount of their uninsured funds. As the FDIC sells the assets of Silicon Valley Bank, future dividend payments may be made to uninsured depositors.

Silicon Valley Bank had 17 branches in California and Massachusetts. The main office and all branches of Silicon Valley Bank will reopen on Monday, March 13, 2023. The DINB will maintain Silicon Valley Bank’s normal business hours. Banking activities will resume no later than Monday, March 13, including on-line banking and other services. Silicon Valley Bank’s official checks will continue to clear. Under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, the FDIC may create a DINB to ensure that customers have continued access to their insured funds.

As of December 31, 2022, Silicon Valley Bank had approximately $209.0 billion in total assets and about $175.4 billion in total deposits. At the time of closing, the amount of deposits in excess of the insurance limits was undetermined. The amount of uninsured deposits will be determined once the FDIC obtains additional information from the bank and customers.

Customers with accounts in excess of $250,000 should contact the FDIC toll–free at 1-866-799-0959.

The FDIC as receiver will retain all the assets from Silicon Valley Bank for later disposition. Loan customers should continue to make their payments as usual.

Silicon Valley Bank is the first FDIC–insured institution to fail this year. The last FDIC–insured institution to close was Almena State Bank, Almena, Kansas, on October 23, 2020.

FDIC: PR-16-2023


   
引用
Share:

【声明】:禅世界论坛尊重言论自由,任何人可讨论佛学、政经、生活和科技等话题。在言论发表前请根据常识和法规自审。论坛管理员和版主有权删除任何不当内容。使用本论坛即表示接受【禅世界论坛规则】【论坛使用帮助】。 【禅世界免责声明】


【Chanworld.org】2017.06.06-2021.04.30-2023.04.10-MG